I learned most of this in a first pass through Crash Course's Computer Science playlist. Episodes 2 – 10 discuss the electronics [1].

I normally dislike videos and prefer books, but these were well done. They did an excellent job of pointing out the specific abstractions of each component as they are introduced.

[1] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LN0ucKNX0hc&list=PL8dPuuaLjX...