Edit: In the methodology section it is not clear whether they used one average or average for the date.

They can be:

    >>> def foo(bar=None):
    ...   print(bar)
    ...
    >>> foo()
    None
    >>> foo(bar="baz")
    baz
    >>> foo(bar="baz", baz="azp")
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
    TypeError: foo() got an unexpected keyword argument 'baz'

    >>> def bar(**kwargs):
    ...   print(kwargs)
    ...
    >>> bar()
    {}
    >>> bar(site="HN", user="tonyarkles")
    {'site': 'HN', 'user': 'tonyarkles'}

Amongst other thing weights are based on the value of shares that are traded publicly, not market cap.

> The consumer goods conglomerate said it cut digital spending by more $100 million between April and June of 2017 and continued with the cuts at the same rate for the rest of the year.

>P&G, however, has not cut overall media spending. Funds have been reinvested to increase media reach, including in areas such as TV, audio and ecommerce media, a company spokeswoman told Reuters.

Looks like they still spent it in marketing and advertising just not digital spending. Also for sticky old well known consumer goods I’d wager sales drop slowly.

You are assuming it is not already being actively exploited and there will be a timely response to fix it, which is why we have these ticking clocks.

I am not saying humans or AI can create "perfect" software, but NASA has shown there is a HUGE gap between what can be achieved and what commercial software has generally done. We have given software a pass on the liability for the damage it can caused when it is defective for too long, that's the only way to change this, it must hit the bottom line.