You do need PTRACE access to pid 123456 in order to access that file. It is transparent to you, but the kernel will use the current task's PTRACE_ATTACH access when attempting to get that information.
By default, on most distributions, a user has PTRACE_ATTACH to all processes owned by it. This can be configured with ptrace_scope:
Fair use only applies in certain contexts, of which writing commercial software is not one of. 'Snippets' are not fair use and it is shocking how many people here think they are.
If you expand "vaccine" to "medical interventions", then yes. Bariatric surgeries are quite effective at cutting mortality.
>Long-term studies show the procedures result in significant long-term loss of weight, recovery from diabetes, improvement in cardiovascular risk factors, and a mortality reduction from 40% to 23%.
Having your stomach stapled is am extreme and expensive surgery requiring multiple doctors and support staff, lots of recovery time and years to fully take effect. It also carries a high risk of serious side effects.
> Transfer spots can be more competitive than Freshmen spots. This would especially be true if more people were doing it.
Agreed, that was my experience. Added on top of the limited slots for upper division transfer to a highly desirable school I was in the most impacted major of all and its unbelievably hard to transfer even if you meet all the criteria and you're already in the system.
The amount of BS posturing that takes place to have to 'justify' your acceptance to just want to get in and out and graduate is unfathomable when dealing with administration/acceptance committees, especially if they know they can use your spot to bring in International students that pay upwards of 5x more than you.
Personally, I still regret when I think of the business opportunities I turned down, ultimately motorsports was a better monetary investment then a career in the Life Sciences after the financial crises as cruel luck would have it.
I learned then that doing the seemingly safe, prudent and pragmatic thing isn't always the route you want to take in Life and that following the herd is seldom as rewarding as promised. At least if you fail following your own instinct it will be on your terms and hopefully provide you with a solid foundation and skill set to rebuild if/when needed. In addition to a richer Life experience.
Personally I'm a proponent of apprenticeships and online learning/certifications, which I think is where Universalizes are going to have to migrate towards for a majority of their programs if they have any chance of surviving this post-corona World in the long run.
I have no idea how admissions work. I've heard stories about soliciting applications from unqualified candidates so they can tout accepting 1% of applications and the number of applicants so they can sound more exclusive.
One would imagine in a fair world if you applied as a Freshman and as a Junior you'd have a higher chance of being accepted, if Junior applicants had a higher graduation rate they would bias accordingly, or if they started getting more Junior applications they would find more spots.
> I have no idea how admissions work. I've heard stories about soliciting applications from unqualified candidates so they can tout accepting 1% of applications and the number of applicants so they can sound more exclusive.
Its pretty corrupt, I already spoke on my first hand experience in other threads, but just look at what the recent admissions scandal yielded:
Your evidence of this is an opinion article by a republican political adviser. Please forgive me if I wait for the congressional investigation to look at it.
At least for a commodity chip like Broadcom Tomahawk (100G), the latency is 500ns with L3 enabled, and 300ns if only L2 is enabled. Compared to the Mellanox SB7700 at 90ns ethernet has some catching up to do if latency is the end goal.
Ethernet tooling for HPC has a ways to go, but I suspect in the future it will be more competitive. Especially if specialty fabric vendors cut down on R&D.
CLOS fabric designs seem to be winning the war these days which I think favors Ethernet in the long run. Better flow distribution on aggregate links and now widespread support for MC-LAG means you can build a really wide CLOS network with L2-only.
You're comparing apples and oranges. Mellanox has Ethernet switches with 300ns L3 latencies -- far lower than their broadcom counterparts. So it's not an Ethernet limitation, but a broadcom limitation.
Do keep in mind that having 300ns L3 latencies comes with it's own set of problems. Even at 10Gbit 300ns is not enough to get a packet through an electrical connection. Plus they also have some 90ns latency products.
That means that these switches, while fast, cannot check the packets for correctness (they don't have the full packet). That they will have "aborted" packets. That in some important ways these networks have the problems of the "half-duplex" networks of old.
Broadcom focuses on features for packet transmission. That means these Mellanox switches are pretty much restricted to situations where you want to have a set of servers on a single network segment and nothing else (not even an upstream connection). If that's exactly what you need, great. But mostly you're going to need more.
With Mellanox ethernet switches, you lose some other features in exchange for lower latency. i.e. you can only break out 16 ports to 4x25G on a 100G switch (64 25G ports).
And you also get some benefits: enough internal bandwidth to allow every input port to cut through at line rate, and a single buffer to prevent starvation (the tomahawk chip has 4 groups of ports, each with a separate buffer).
Also, you can run cumulus on the switch, which is pretty awesome.
CLOS fabric topology is the most common deployment with IB, so I'm not sure how that plays into the hands of ethernet?
But yes, seems EVPN + VXLAN is the way the industry is going nowadays to build eth CLOS fabrics, whereas Trill & SPB seem more or less dead, for some reason.
Everybody is saying ethernet is simpler to manage than IB, but IME at least for HPC the opposite is true. IB is more or less plug and play, you get RDMA, multipathing etc. all right out the box. Whereas if you'd set up an equivalent thing with ethernet, you'd have to set up DCB, RoCEv2, EVPN+VXLAN+BGP (or something equivalent).
Arista uses commodity ASICs which are programmed from specialized binary blobs running in a linux based userspace. This is the same thing linux whitebox switches do.
Sorry I should have better specified. The magic is in the asics that are programmed with their own proprietary magic, but most of the userspace is written in python, and it is relatively well written python.
Maybe I'm just bad at negotiating, but I haven't been able to get vendors to quote me less than double the cost of the Cumulus hardware quotes I've seen (primarily Quanta). Also, looking at support costs, the quotes I have for Cumulus are about 20% cheaper than the cheapest quotes I've seen from Juniper/Dell, just for software support.
That said, NBD or sooner hardware replacement plans are a bit weird with Cumulus. I think they expect you to keep onsite spares, which still ends up being cheaper.
I think if Cumulus becomes more popular, we might see some community code that implements validation and confirmed commits and more features. If we decide to go with Cumulus, and we are thinking about it, we might write something like that.
By default, on most distributions, a user has PTRACE_ATTACH to all processes owned by it. This can be configured with ptrace_scope:
https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/security/Yama.txt